Comprehensive analysis of insulin products complex disulfide bonds structure by high resolution mass spectrum / 药学学报

The correct pairing of disulfide bonds maintains the correct folding mode and high-level structure formation of peptides and protein drugs, which is crucial for the quality control of products. In order to ensure that the disulfide bonds are correctly paired, disulfide bond analysis is an essential part of peptides and protein drug characterization. Mass spectrometry can be used to analyze disulfide bonds. However, insulin and its analogues have two pairs of disulfide bonds without restriction enzyme cutting site. Conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID) and high-energy induced cleavage (HCD) cannot accurately locate the complex disulfide bond. In our study, three methods were used to localize the complex disulfide, including enzyme digestion combined with key peptide fragment in source decay (ISD) fragmentation method, enzyme digestion combined with partial reduction alkylation method, intact protein source ISD and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) cleavage method, The applicability of insulin aspart, insulin lispro and insulin glargine were also investigated. This study provides a new way for the quality control of disulfide bonding mode of insulin and its analogues, and also provides a reference for the disulfide bond localization of peptides or proteins containing this complex disulfide bond.

Investigation of 131I radioactivity levels in soil around the nuclear medicine decay pool after the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster in Zhengzhou, Henan / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To explore whether or not radioactive wastewater leakage or overflow exists in the nuclear medicine decay pool after the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster and to analyze its causes, so as to provide scientific basis for the design, construction and maintenance of the nuclear medicine decay pool and the radiation protection management of nuclear medicine in the future.Methods:Three hospitals A, B and C where 131I therapy are being performed were selected in Zhengzhou city, Henan province. Sampling points were set based on the monitoring result of the environmental radiation level around the nuclear medical decay pool in line with the relevent standard method. Soil samples were collected at different depths. The 131I radioactivity level in the soil was measured using HPGe gamma spectrometer, with the measured result being processed and analyzed. Results:Except for Hospital B where no 131I was detected, different 131I activity concentrations were detected in the soil samples collected around the nuclear medicine decay pool at Hospitals A and C. The 131I activity concentrations ranged from 16.4 to 98 111.8 Bq/kg at Hospital A and from 10.6 to 7 176.6 Bq/kg at Hospital C. After a time period of decay, the repeated detection has shown that the 131I activity concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 17.0 Bq/kg at Hospital A and from 3.9 to 7.1 Bq/kg at Hospital C. The 131I activity concentration in the soil at the depth of 0-5 cm was higher than that at the depth of 5-10 cm soil at the same sampling point. The ratios of activity concentration of 131I between different depths ranged from 1.3 to 13.1, with the median value of 5.9. Conclusions:After the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster, the surrounding environment of nuclear medicine decay pools at a few hospitals was contamminated by 131I to some extent. To prevent the risk of leakage of radioactive wastewater, the safety evaluation and management of radiation protection should be made better with increased awareness during the design, evaluation, construction and use of nuclear medicine decay pools.

Molecular basis of the different effects of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide on the maximum upstroke velocity and half-decay time of the cardiac action potential in guinea pig papillary muscle

Procainamide (PA) and its in vivo metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), display some pharmacological differences. Although it is agreed that PA is a class IA antiarrhythmic, it has been reported that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that affects only the repolarizing phase of the cardiac action potential. This last concept, observed exclusively in dogs, gained wide acceptance, appearing in classic pharmacology textbooks. However, evidence in species such as mice and rats indicates that NAPA can affect cardiac Na+ channels, which is unexpected for a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug. To further clarify this issue, the effects of PA (used as a reference drug) and NAPA on the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and half-decay time (HDT) of the cardiac action potential were examined in the isolated right papillaris magnus of the guinea pig heart. Both PA and NAPA affected Vmax at lower concentrations than required to affect HDT, and NAPA had weaker effects on both variables. Thus, NAPA displayed typical class IA antiarrhythmic behavior. Therefore, the concept that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug is more species-dependent than previously envisioned. In addition, we demonstrated that the differential pharmacology of PA and NAPA is explainable, in molecular terms, by steric hindrance of the effects of NAPA and the greater number of potent aromatic-aromatic and cation π interactions with Na+ or K+ cardiac channels for PA.

Wind-driven roof turbines' effectiveness in enhancing household ventilation: a potential tool to reduce tuberculosis infection

Background: South Africa's overburdened healthcare systems have led to criticism of its unsustainable tuberculosis management interventions. In 2011, the National Department of Health implemented an outpatient, decentralised care model, but this increased costs and jeopardised the long-term viability of prevention measures. Home confinement is now recognised as a viable intervention option, when combined with safety precautions such as ventilation and medical support. However, little is known about the risk of infection in this context. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of wind-driven roof turbines in enhancing ventilation and their potential to lower the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a residential setting. Methods: Eight houses were selected and divided equally into intervention (wind turbines installed) and control groups, using a pairwise comparison method. The CO2 decay method was used as a proxy to determine ventilation in the houses. The wind-driven roof turbines' potential to lower the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was stochastically evaluated using the Wells-Riley mathematical model. Results: During two seasons, installation of a roof turbine resulted in twofold ventilation rates compared to the control houses. Consequently, the WellsRiley model predicted a twofold reduction in the probability of infection in the intervention compared to the control households. Conclusion: Low-cost, low-maintenance wind-driven roof turbines are effective in increasing ventilation in houses, and should be considered as an additional layer of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other infections in residential settings.

Relación de la condición bucal y el desarrollo psicomotor en niños de 6 y 7 años / Relationship between oral condition and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years

Introducción: La salud oral es un problema actual en la sociedad, las medidas preventivas como técnicas de cepillado deben de ser acorde a la destreza motriz. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las condiciones bucales y el desarrollo psicomotor en los niños de 6 y 7 años. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 30 niños en el rango de edad de 6 y 7 años, que acuden al colegio "Manuel Bonilla" (Lima, Perú). Estuvo dividida por 2 grupos, a los cuales se les enseñó dos técnicas de cepillado: técnica de Bass modificada y técnica de Fones. Se obtuvieron valores de condiciones bucales, según los niveles de índice gingival, índice de higiene y el nivel de severidad. Por otro lado, se adquirieron los niveles de psicomotricidad, evaluados mediante el test de Bruininks-Oseretsky. El análisis de los datos estadísticos se ejecutó con el programa SPSS y R. Resultados: Un grupo de 29 niños se incorporaron en la muestra y fueron analizados un total de 631 dientes. Los resultados demostraron una asociación positiva con un solo rango (índice de sangrado gingival) de condiciones bucales y aspectos psicomotores de niños entre 6 y 7 años. Adicionalmente, se encontró una asociación positiva entre la técnica de cepillado Bass Modifica y condiciones bucales óptimas. Conclusiones: Los resultados actuales sugieren una asociación marginal entre las variables estudiadas, que puede ser potencialmente más significativa con una ampliación sobre el número de muestra. A medida que el ser humano va desarrollando nuevas habilidades motoras, debería de tener un mejor dominio sobre las necesidades básicas de salud como la ponderación de una buena higiene bucal. Por lo tanto, es necesario recomendar técnicas de cepillado de acuerdo al nivel de desarrollo psicomotor del niño(AU)

Introduction: Oral health is a current problem in society; preventive measures such as brushing techniques must be according to motor skills. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between oral conditions and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 children in the age range of 6 and 7 years, who attend "Manuel Bonilla" school (Lima, Peru). It was divided by 2 groups, which were taught two brushing techniques: Bass-modified technique and Fones technique. There were obtained values of oral conditions, according to the levels of gingival index, hygiene index and the level of severity. On the other hand, the levels of psychomotricity were acquired, evaluated by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test. The analysis of the statistical data was executed with the SPSS and R program. Results: A group of 29 children were incorporated into the sample and a total of 631 teeth were analyzed. The results demonstrated a positive association with a single range (gingival bleeding index) of oral conditions and psychomotor aspects of children between 6 and 7 years. Additionally, a positive association was found between the Bass Modifica brushing technique and optimal oral conditions. Conclusions: The current results suggest a marginal association between the variables studied, which may be potentially more significant with an increase in the sample number. As humans develop new motor skills, they should have a better command of basic health needs such as weighing good oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend brushing techniques according to the level of psychomotor development of the child(AU)

Urgencias estomatológicas durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Policlínico 2 de Manzanillo / Stomatological emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Polyclinic 2 of Manzanillo / Emergências estomatológicas durante a pandemia COVID-19. Policlínica 2 de Manzanillo

RESUMEN La caries dental y sus complicaciones, las afecciones del periodonto y los procesos infecciosos post-extracción constituyen las causas más comunes por lo que los pacientes asisten a los servicios de urgencia estomatológica. Estudiar su incidencia y los recursos que demandan sus tratamientos es necesario para organizar los servicios estomatológicos. Identificar las urgencias estomatológicas de acuerdo a las causas que lo originan en el Policlínico 2 de Manzanillo entre abril y septiembre de 2020, durante la situación epidemiológica causada por la COVID-19, ha sido el objetivo de nuestro trabajo. Utilizamos el método de estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes que acudieron por urgencia a los servicios estomatológicos del policlínico 2 de Manzanillo entre los meses abril a septiembre del 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 709 pacientes. El mes de mayor afluencia de urgencias estomatológicas fue mayo con 254 pacientes, predominando entre ellos el sexo femenino con 51,9%, mientras que la caries dental y sus complicaciones fue la causa por la que más acudieron los pacientes, con un 82,5%. De las enfermedades pulpares fue la hiperemia pulparla que predominó con 361 pacientes para un 61,7%, y de las enfermedades periapicales fue el absceso alveolar con102 casos, para un 17,4%. Durante la COVID-19 los servicios estomatológicos mantuvieron su vitalidad a través de las consultas de urgencias estomatológicas, la caries dental y las afecciones del periodonto fueron las enfermedades de mayor incidencia, siendo la hiperemiapulpar la que predomino dentro de la patología pulpar y el absceso alveolar agudo dentro de la periapical.

ABSTRACT Tooth decay and its complications, periodontal conditions and post-extraction infectious processes are the most common causes so patients attend stomatological emergency services. Studying their incidence and the resources demanded by their treatments is necessary to organize stomatological services. Identifying the stomatological emergencies according to the causes that originate it in the Polyclinic 2 of Manzanillo between April and September 2020, during the epidemiological situation caused by COVID-19, has been the objective of our work. We used the cross-sectional descriptive study method in patients who went to the stomatological services of polyclinic 2 in Manzanillo for emergencies between April and September 2020. The universe consisted of 709 patients. The month of greatest influx of stomatological emergencies was May with 254 patients, predominating among them the female sex with 51.9%, while dental caries and its complications was the cause for which more patients attended, with 82.5%. Of the pulp diseases, pulp hyperemia predominated with 361 patients for 61.7%, and of the periapical diseases it was the alveolar abscess with 102 cases, for 17.4%. During COVID-19, stomatological services maintained their vitality through stomatological emergency consultations, dental caries and periodontal conditions were the diseases with the highest incidence, with pulp hyperemia being the one that predominated within the pulp pathology and acute alveolar abscess within the periapical.

RESUMO A cárie dentária e suas complicações, condições periodontais e processos infecciosos pós-extração são as causas mais comuns para que os pacientes frequentem serviços de emergência estomatológicas. Estudar sua incidência e os recursos exigidos por seus tratamentos é necessário para a organização de serviços estomatológicos. Identificar as emergências estomatológicas de acordo com as causas que a originam na Policlínica 2 de Manzanillo entre abril e setembro de 2020, durante a situação epidemiológica causada pelo COVID-19, tem sido o objetivo do nosso trabalho. Utilizou-se o método de estudo transversal descritivo em pacientes que foram aos serviços estomatológicos da policlínica 2 em Manzanillo para emergências entre abril e setembro de 2020.O universo era composto por 709 pacientes. O mês de maior fluxo de emergências estomatológicas foi maio com 254 pacientes, predominando entre eles o sexo feminino com 51,9%, en quanto a cárie dentária e suas complicações foi a causa para a qual mais pacientes compareceram, com 82,5%. Das doenças da polpa, a hiperemia da polpa predominou com 361 pacientes para 61,7%, e das doenças periapical foi o abscesso alveolar com 102 casos, para 17,4%. Durante o COVID-19, os serviços estomatológicos mantiveram sua vitalidade por meio de consultas de emergência estomática, cárie dentária e condições periodontais foram as doenças com maior incidência, sendo a hiperemia da polpa aquela que predominou dentro da patologia da polpa e abscesso alveolar agudo dentro do periapical.

Relación entre índice CPO-D y limitación al sonreír en escolares de la Parroquia «El vecino», en Cuenca, Ecuador / Relationship between the CPO-D index and limitation when smiling in schoolchildren from «El Vecino¼ Parish in Cuenca, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: Las afecciones bucales informadas con mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial son: la caries dental, las periodontopatías y las maloclusiones, en ese orden, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). La caries dental es considerada como una enfermedad multifactorial, dinámica y crónica, en la cual intervienen factores extrínsecos que pueden estar asociados a la enfermedad. Objetivo: Relacionar el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír en escolares de 12 años de la Parroquia «El vecino» en la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, relacional y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 279 fichas registradas en la base de datos del Departamento de Investigación de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, pertenecientes al estudio del Mapa Epidemiológico de Salud Bucal, 2016. Resultados: El 100 % de la muestra presentó alguna experiencia de caries, mientras que el 77,8 % no presentó limitación al sonreír, lo que demuestra una relación de dependencia moderada entre el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír. Conclusiones: Se informó un nivel de gravedad del índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados muy alto en la cuarta parte de la muestra; la relación entre el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír presentó una dependencia moderada entre las dos variables en ambos sexos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dental caries, periodontal diseases and malocclusions are, in that order, the reported oral conditions with the highest prevalence worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Dental caries is considered a multifactorial, dynamic and chronic disease, in which intervene extrinsic factors that may be associated with the disease. Objective: to relate Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index with the limitation when smiling in 12-year-old schoolchildren from "El Vecino" Parish, in Cuenca city, Ecuador, 2016. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, relational and retrospective study was carried out. The sample consisted of 279 files registered in the database of the Research Department of the Dentistry career from the Catholic University of Cuenca, belonging to the study of the Epidemiological Map of Oral Health, 2016. Results: 100% of the sample had some experience of caries, while 77.8% showed no limitation when smiling, which demonstrates a moderate dependence relationship between the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index and the limitation when smiling. Conclusions: a very high level of severity of the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index was reported in a quarter of the sample; the relationship between the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index and the limitation when smiling had a moderate dependence between the two variables in both genders.

Evaluation and design of volume of intermittent decay pool for nuclear medical radioactive waste water / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To provide the calculation method for evaluating and designing the volume of nuclear medicine intermittent decay pool, so as to provide technical reference for medical institutions, environmental impact assessment institutions and management departments, etc.Methods:By constructing a mathematical model and deriving the calculation formula, the relationship between the volume of intermittent decay pool and the radioactivity level of wastewater was established.Results:There were differences in the number of diagnosis and treatment of patients, the amount of nuclide used and the amount of waste water produced in the nuclear medicine department at different medical institutions, so the evaluation and design of the intermittent decay pool were also different as a result . But the result should meet the relevant requirements of the standards GB 18871-2002 and HJ 1188-2021: the total activity discharged every month ≤10 ALImin, and the activity discharged once≤1 ALImin; gross alpha activity ≤1 Bq/L, gross β activity ≤10 Bq/L, 131I activity concentration ≤10 Bq/L; the temporary storage time after filled with radioactive wastewater ≥10 times longest half-life, and the temporary storage time of 131I in patient waste water ≥180 d. Conclusions:The calculation method provided in this paper can be used to evaluate and design the volume of intermittent decay pool in nuclear medicine departments.

Force decay and discoloration of thermoplastic and thermoset orthodontic elastomeric chains / Diminuição de força e descoloração de elásticos corrente termoplásticos e termofixos

Objective: Elastomeric chains are commonly used to apply force for orthodontic dental movements. However, force decay and discoloration are two important weak points of these materials. The present study intended to compare the force decay and color stability of different types of elastomeric chains. Material and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 6 groups of elastomeric chains, including thermoplastic (TP) and thermoset (TS) chains made by the companies American Orthodontics (AO), Ormco (OR), and G&H Orthodontics (GH). The elastomeric chain forces were measured at the baseline, following 1 hour, 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks of stretching. The elongation required for the chains to exert a force of 250 g was calculated. ΔE of each group was calculated by a spectrophotometer following immersion in black tea solution for 6 days. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 software and the statistical methods of repeated measures analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance (P<0.05). Results: The force decay of the TS chains were significantly lower than the TP chains in the 6-week study duration (P<0.05), and the lowest and highest force decay was observed in the products by AO and GH, respectively. The highest force degradation occurred during the first week in all groups. The elongation rate needed for the TS chains was significantly higher than the TP chains (P<0.05), and the highest elongation rate was observed in the products by OR. TS chains showed significantly higher color stability than TP chains, and products by OR and GH had better color stability than the products by AO. Conclusion: The present study showed that TS chains were superior to TP chains in force decay and color stability in all the brands studied. (AU)

Objetivo: Elásticos corrente são comumente utilizados para aplicar forças para a movimentação ortodôntica. Porém, a diminuição de força e descoloração são duas importantes fraquezas desses materiais. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de comparar a diminuição de força e estabilidade de cor de diferentes tipos de elásticos corrente. Material e Métodos: Este estudo in vitro avaliou 6 grupos de elásticos corrente, incluindo termoplástico (TP) e termofixo (TS) produzidos pelas empresas American Orthodontics (AO), Ormco (OR) e G&H Orthodontics (GH). A força dos elásticos corrente foram mensuradas no início, após 1 hora, 1 dia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 semanas de alongamento. A força de alongamento necessária para aplicação de 250g foi calculada. O ΔE de cada grupo foi calculado por um espectrofotômetro após a imersão em solução de chá preto por 6 dias. Os dados foram analizados utilizando o programa SPSS 22 e a análise estatística foi realizada por análise de variância e análise de variância dois fatores (p<0,05). Resultados: A diminuição da força do grupo TS foi significativamente menor que o grupo TP em 6 semanas de estudo (p<0,05), e o menor e maior valor de diminuição de força foi observado nos produtos da empresa AO e GH, respectivamente. A maior degradação de força ocorreu durante a primeira semana em todos os grupos. A taxa de alongamento necessária para o grupo TS foi significativamente maior que o grupo TP (p<0,05), e a maior taxa de alongamento foi observada nos produtos da empresa OR. Os elásticos TS obtiveram resultados significativamente maiores de estabilidade de cor que os elásticos TP, e os produtos da OR e GH tiveram melhor estabilidade de cor que oa produtos AO. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que os elásticos TS foram superiores aos elásticos TP em diminuição de força e estabilidade de cor em todas as marcas estudadas.(AU)

Establishment and verification of the tightness inspection method of blood products / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To establish and verify the vacuum decay method for the tightness inspection of blood products. 【Methods】 The method for inspecting the tightness of blood product was established, and the detection limit, linearity, range, accuracy, precision and durability were verified according to the requirements of methodological verification.The validated method was used to check the tightness of blood product packaging. 【Results】 The detection limit of this method was 2.5 μm, linear correlation coefficient was r=1, the differential pressure of positive sample was within the allowable range of accuracy, and the durability met the requirements.The RSD of results of 6 repeatability tests and 12 intermediate precision tests were both less than 10%, and all validation items met the verification standards. 【Conclusion】 Vacuum decay method can be used to check the tightness of blood products.

Influences of Natural Fibrous Root Decay on Growth and Active Component Content of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of natural decay of exogenously added fibrous roots on the growth and development of <italic>Paris polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>and its medicinal quality. Method:The effects of natural decay of fibrous roots at different amounts on mycorrhizal infection rate， physiological and biochemical indexes， and saponin contents of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>were studied in pot culture experiments at room temperature. Result:The results showed that the infection rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi in the root of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>was not significantly affected by different fibrous root treatments， but there were significant differences in infection intensity. The photosynthetic pigment content in the leaves declined significantly with the increase in fibrous root amount， and the total chlorophyll was decreased by 78.7% at most. The contents of soluble protein， soluble sugar and malondialdehyde in the leaves of <italic>P. polyphylla</italic> var. <italic>yunnanensis </italic>showed an overall upward trend. The activities of the three protective enzymes varied. The peroxidase and malondialdehyde were reduced by 181.6% and 200.0% at most. In the root system of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>， the contents of the above-mentioned six components decreased to varying degrees， with the largest reductions of peroxidase and malondialdehyde reaching 44.6% and 69.7%. Different fibrous root treatments resulted in a decrease in active component content of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>. The total content of the four saponins was decreased by 58.9% at most， and the total saponin content by 46.9%. Conclusion:The natural decay of fibrous roots affects the soil microbial environment of root system， reduces the photosynthetic pigment content in leaves， and destroys the stability of cells， thus interfering with the growth and development of <italic>P. polyphylla </italic>var. <italic>yunnanensis</italic>， reducing its medicinal components， and causing continuous cropping obstacles.

Research progress on nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials for the prevention and treatment of dental pulp diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Nanomaterials usually refer to tiny particles with a diameter of 1-100 nm, which often have unique physicochemical properties and are one of the main areas of research interest for development of dental biomaterials. Nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials have been widely used in pit and fissure sealing, dental resin restoration, tooth adhesion, and root canal sealing. The current research shows that the dental material modified by nano-calcium phosphate has stronger mechanical properties and shows long-term calcium and phosphorus ion release and excellent ion recharging ability, which can promote the remineralization of tooth hard tissue and has good prospects for application. However, it is difficult to accurately simulate the complex environment of the oral cavity. Therefore, the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and effect of clinical application of nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials still needs further study. This review summarizes and discusses the recent research progress regarding nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials in the prevention and treatment of dental pulp diseases.

Generation I and Generation II Elastomeric Chains Characteristics Comparison in Artificial Saliva Immersion / Comparação das Características dos Elásticos Ortodônticos tipo Corrente de Geração I e Geração II em Imersão em Saliva Artificial

Objective: To determine the force decay and discoloration in Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chain on artificial saliva immersion. Material and methods: Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains stretched on an acrylic board and immersed in artificial saliva for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days according to the group of days. On each specified day, the force of each sample measured by an orthodontic force gauge and the magnitude of the force obtained is entered to the formula to find out the force decay in percentage, whereas discoloration of each sample analyzed by the color reader with CIE Lab analysis. Results: The force decay between Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains showed a statistically significant difference in every group of days, in which Generation II is more effective in maintaining stretch force. Similar to force decay, the discoloration in Generation I elastomeric chains on the 14th day showed significant value and Generation II elastomeric chains were more stable in maintaining color compared to Generation I. Conclusions: over the entire research period time, Generation II elastomeric chains are more stable in maintaining stretch forces and color compared to Generation I elastomeric chains. (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar a queda de força e descoloração nos elásticos ortodônticos tipo corrente de Geração I e Geração II na imersão em saliva artificial. Material e métodos: Elásticos Geração I e Geração II foram esticados em placas de acrílico e imersas em saliva artificial por 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, de acordo com o grupo de dias. Em cada dia especificado, a força de cada amostra medida por um medidor de força ortodôntica e a magnitude da força obtida são inseridos na fórmula para descobrir sua queda em porcentagem, enquanto a descoloração de cada amostra foi analisada pelo leitor de cores "CIE Lab". Resultados: A queda da força entre os elásticos Geração I e Geração II apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa em todos os grupos de dias, sendo que a de Geração II foi mais efetiva na manutenção da força de alongamento. Semelhante à queda de força, a descoloração nos elásticos da Geração I mostrou um valor significativo no 14º dia, e elásticos da Geração II foram mais estáveis na manutenção da cor em comparação com a Geração I. Conclusões: durante todo o período de pesquisa, os elásticos tipo corrente da Geração II foram mais estáveis na manutenção das forças de alongamento e da cor em comparação com os elásticos da Geração I (AU)

Fatores relacionados à cárie dentária em escolares de 15-19 anos de Manaus, Amazonas: um estudo transversal / Associated factors of tooth decay in 15-19-year-old students of Manaus, Amazonas: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária e fatores relacionados em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos de uma escola pública de Manaus-AM. Métodos: O delineamento do estudo foi do tipo transversal, cuja amostra foi constituída por 103 escolares. Para avaliar a cárie dentária foram realizados exames clínicos utilizando o Índice CPO-D (cariados, perdidos, obturados por dente) para avaliar presença de cárie dentária em ficha individual. Também foram aplicados dois questionários referentes aos hábitos de higiene bucal e à percepção da presença de dor dentária nos últimos seis meses e impacto das condições de saúde bucal na vida diária. O Índice Significant Caries Index (SIC) foi utilizado para avaliar a presença da doença cárie dentária em um terço da população com maior CPO-D. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os programas Microsoft Excel®e Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), adotando o nível de significância de 0,05. Para verificar a hipótese de associação entre variáveis foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: A média do índice CPO-D encontrada foi de 1,2 considerada baixa; sendo o componente cariado (C) o responsável pela maior parte do Índice CPO-D. O Índice SIC foi de 4,4 evidenciando que um terço da amostra apresentava Índice CPO muito superior à média encontrada, mostrando desigualdade na distribuição da doença no grupo estudado. A frequência de escovação por 3 vezes ao dia foi relatada pela maioria dos adolescentes (57,3%). No entanto, sobre a frequência de consulta dos adolescentes ao cirurgião-dentista, constatou-se que 48,6% dos estudantes nunca procuraram atendimento. Houve relação estatisticamente significante entre presença de cárie dentária e irritabilidade causada pelos dentes (p = 0,011) e dificuldade para falar (p = 0,007). Conclusão: Este estudo apontou baixa experiência de cárie dentária, sendo a frequência de escovação por 3 vezes ao dia relatada pela maioria dos adolescentes. Houve relação estatisticamente significante entre presença de cárie dentária e as questões sobre incômodo ao escovar os dentes e dificuldade para falar.

Aim:To evaluate the experience of tooth decay and its associated factors in teenagers ranging from 15 to 19 years of age in a public high school in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, whose sample amount was a total of 103 students. To evaluate tooth decay, clinical exams were performed using the DMF-T index (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) to assess the presence of tooth decay (DMF-T) on an individual data record. Two questionnaires were applied regarding oral hygiene habits, perception of the presence of dental pain in the last six months, and impact of oral health conditions on daily life. The Significant Caries Index (SIC Index) was used to assess the presence of tooth decay disease in one third of the population with the highest DMF-T. For data analysis, the Microsoft Excel® and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) programs were used, adopting a significance level of 0.05. Pearson's chi-square test was used to verify the hypothesis of association between variables. Results:The DMF-T index was 1.2, which is considered low, while the carious component (C) was the most prevalent of the DMF-T Index. The SIC Index was 4.4, showing that one third of the sample had a DMF-T Index that was much higher than the average, revealing an unequal distribution of the disease within the studied group. The frequency of brushing teeth 3 times a day was reported by most teenagers (57.3%). However, regarding the frequency of visits to the dentist, it was found that 48.6% of the students had never sought out dental care. There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of tooth decay and questions about irritability caused by teeth (p = 0.011) and difficulty in speaking (p = 0.007). Conclusion:This study showed a low experience of tooth decay, with the frequency of brushing 3 times a day reported by most adolescents. There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of tooth decay and difficulty in speaking.

Revisión de la literatura: composición salival y su relación con caries dental en embarazadas / Review of the literature: salivary composition and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women

La saliva es un fluido complejo muy importante en las funciones de la cavidad bucal. El embarazo es un estado normal en el que el embrión se forma y evoluciona durante nueve meses. En este proceso la mujer sufre una serie de cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos. Entre ellos, tiene modificaciones en la saliva y, por consiguiente, en el flujo, pH y concentración de proteínas salivales, que desempeñan un papel importante en la protección contra la infección en los seres humanos. Su nivel en la cavidad oral está sujeto a constantes fluctuaciones que dependen de numerosos factores. El embarazo genera adaptaciones en la fisiología femenina que pueden repercutir en la salud bucal de la gestante. Las afecciones bucales más frecuentes son la caries dental y la gingivitis. Si estas afecciones no son tratadas a tiempo, pueden repercutir en la salud del futuro bebé. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer acerca de los componentes de la saliva y su relación con caries dental en las embarazadas, considerando los tres trimestres de gestación (AU)

Saliva is a complex fluid very important in the functions of the oral cavity. Pregnancy is a normal state in which the embryo forms and evolves for nine months. In this process, women undergo a series of physiological and psychological changes. Among them, it has modifications in saliva and, consequently, in the flow, pH and concentration of salivary proteins, which play an important role in protecting against infection in humans. Its level in the oral cavity is subject to constant fluctuations that depend on numerous factors. Pregnancy generates adaptations in female physiology that can affect the oral health of the pregnant woman. The most common oral conditions are dental caries and gingivitis. If these conditions are not treated in time, they can affect the health of the future baby. A bibliographic review was carried out with the objective of knowing about the components of saliva and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women, considering the three trimesters of gestation (AU)

Morbilidad en ancianos con pérdida dentaria / Morbidity in elderly with dental loss

Introducción: La pérdida dentaria tiene consecuencias en la apariencia y en la función fisiológica general del adulto mayor, lo cual constituye un problema aún no resuelto en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Objetivo: Describir la morbilidad en adultos mayores con pérdida de dientes permanentes. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal en la Clínica Simón Bolívar del municipio de Diego Ibarra, perteneciente al estado venezolano de Carabobo, desde enero hasta junio del 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 100 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, ambos sexos y desdentados parciales o totales. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, higiene bucal, número de dientes permanentes perdidos, así como el tipo de aparatología protésica requerida. Se emplearon las frecuencias relativa y absoluta como medidas de resumen. Resultados: Se encontró que 73,0 % de los ancianos perdieron sus dientes por caries dental, siendo las féminas y el grupo de 60-64 años de edad el más afectado. Asimismo, predominaron la higiene bucal deficiente y la necesidad de prótesis parcial. Conclusiones: Existió una elevada morbilidad en los adultos mayores con pérdida dentaria, lo cual afectó su funcionalidad, estética y autoestima, que de no ser corregida pudiera provocar consecuencias importantes en la cavidad bucal y en el resto del cuerpo, sin olvidar la prevención o detección precoz de cualquier otra enfermedad bucal que la genere.

Introduction: Dental loss has consequences in the elderly general physiologic function and appearance, that constitutes an unsolved problem in the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela. Objective: To describe the morbidity in elderly with loss of permanent teeth. Method: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in Simón Bolívar Clinic from Diego Ibarra municipality, belonging to Carabobo in Venezuela, from January to June, 2016. The universe was constituted by 100 elderly of 60 years and more from both sexes and partially or totally toothless. The analyzed variables were age, sex, oral hygiene, number of lost permanent teeth, as well as the type of prosthesis required. The relative and absolute frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: It was found that 73.0 % of the elderly lost their teeth due to dental decay, being women and the 60-64 age group the most affected one. Also, the poor oral hygiene and the necessity of partial prosthesis prevailed. Conclusions: A high morbidity existed in elderly with dental loss, which affected their functionality, aesthetics and self-esteem that could cause important consequences in the oral cavity and in the rest of the body if it is not corrected, without forgetting the prevention or early detection of any other oral disease that generates it.

Caries en la tercera edad en una universidad de la ciudad de Puebla 2017-2018 / Caries in the third age in a university of the City of Puebla 2017-2018

La caries es una infección que afecta a cualquier persona sin importar edad, género o clase social. Es importante enfocar la atención odontológica a pacientes de tercera edad ya que tienden a un crecimiento anual de 3.8% de la población mexicana. Actualmente, se han realizado campañas de salud bucal para esta población; a pesar de los múltiples esfuerzos realizados para la prevención y erradicación de dicha enfermedad existe un descuido en los tratamientos para pacientes de la tercera edad, lo cual puede favorecer la pérdida de dientes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries en adultos mayores en la clínica de odontología de la Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo; se revisaron 345 expedientes de pacientes de tercera edad del 2017 al 2018, que asistieron por primera vez a consulta. Se obtiene la prevalencia y severidad a través del índice CPOD (cariados, perdidos y obturados). La prevalencia de dientes cariados fue 79%; se obtuvo un CPOD de 18.63 (alto riesgo). Se concluye el implementar medidas preventivas que impacten en mayor dimensión a la caries, para su disminución o erradicación en pacientes geriátricos (AU)

Caries is an infection that affects anyone regardless of their age, gender or social class. It is, however, important to focus dental care on elderly patients as that part of the Mexican population is growing at 3.8% annually. Currently, oral health campaigns have been carried out for this population, but despite the multiple efforts undertaken for prevention and eradication of the disease, treatment for elderly patients is often overlooked. The consequence of this lack of treatment can be the loss of teeth. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and severity of caries in elderly patients at the dental clinic of the Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP). A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out where the records of 345 elderly, first-time patients were reviewed for the 2017-2018 period. The prevalence and severity of caries was determined using the DMFT index (decay, missing, filled). The prevalence of carious teeth was 79% with a DMFT of 18.63 indicating high risk. We conclude that preventive measures should be implemented to impact and decrease caries in geriatric patients (AU)

A descriptive study of the regional and time-point changes in the Filipinos' internet search for tooth decay and toothache

Background@#The Philippines has one of the highest prevalence of untreated tooth decay (TD) in the world. Toothache (TA) is a common sequela of chronic and untreated TD. Google Trends (GT) offers an inexpensive and fast method of assessing search trend for these health conditions. @*Objectives@#This study aimed to characterize the regional and time-point variations in the Filipinos' internet searches for TD and TA. @*Methods@#A descriptive analysis of a search query done on Google Trends using the search terms TD and TA was done. The parameters were constrained to include only data from the Philippines, from November 2009 to November 2019, under the health category, and the web search database. @*Results@#The top three regions that had the highest searches for TA were MIMAROPA (100%), ARMM (100%), and Caraga (82%), while CAR (27%), Metro Manila (27%), and Ilocos Region had the highest search results for TD. From 2009 (19.85%) the searches for TA progressively increased until 2019 (92.61%), while the searches for TD remained comparable from 2009 (25.09%) to 2019 (25.98%). @*Conclusion@#The results of this study reveal regional and time-point differences in the Filipinos' search interests for TD and TA.

The Relation Between Decay Missing Filled-Teeth (DMF-t), Body Mass Index (BMI) with Salivary Human Beta-3 (HBD-3) Secretion in Children with Caries and Free Caries

@#Introduction: Dental caries in children is a major problem of mouth disease throughout the world, so too is there currently an increase in health problems in children due to obesity. Human Beta defensing(HBD) has been found in saliva and from several studies stated that HBD aside from being a broad-spectrum antimicrobial can act as an immunomodulator. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether there is a relationship between obesity and HBD-3 salivary concentration in caries patients and caries-free patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was involved 62 children with caries and caries-free, aged 9-11 years, students at Qommarudin Islamic Boarding School, Gresik, East Java Indonesia. dental caries examination, carried out in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria. Body mass index (BMI) was measured from the height and weight of individuals, HBD3 concentrations were tested with an ELISA kit from Bioassay Technology Laboratory (China) from saliva samples. Evaluate the results with the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance used in this statistical test was 0.05. Results: there was a relationship between BMI level and HBD-3 concentration in the caries group (p <0.05, p = 0.009) with a moderate level of association. but there was no significant relationship in the caries-free group (p> 0.05, p = 0.189). Conclusion: There was an association between BMI and HBD-3 salivary concentration in caries patients but there was no relationship in the caries-free group.

Green soybean seeds: effect on physiological quality / Sementes de soja esverdeada: efeito na qualidade fisiológica

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to assess the manner in which the presence of green soybean seeds affects their physiological quality. In this study, six lots of soybean seeds of cultivar 5958RSF IPRO with 0, 0, 7, 8, 16 and 18% of green seeds were examined. The tests done included the first germination count, germination, electrical conductivity, field emergence, accelerated aging, emergence speed index, Tetrazolium, length, dry mass and seedling growth curve. Results were tested employing the normality test and analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability level, employing the Rbio statistical program. Growth data were analyzed by the nonlinear regression analytical method, using the SigmaPlot 12.0 software. The viability and vigor of the greenish seeds were confirmed to reveal higher deterioration, proportional to the percentage of seeds in which the cotyledons had green pigmentation, indicating that the presence of chlorophyll caused the physiological quality of the soybean seeds to decrease.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho o objetivo foi avaliar a influência da presença de sementes esverdeadas de soja na sua qualidade fisiológica. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis lotes de sementes de soja da cultivar 5958RSF IPRO com 0, 0, 7, 8, 16 e 18% de sementes esverdeadas. Os testes realizados foram: primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, condutividade elétrica, emergência em campo, envelhecimento acelerado, índice de velocidade de emergência, tetrazólio, comprimento, massa seca e curva de crescimento de plântulas. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e análise de variância, seguido de comparações de médias, pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, com auxílio do programa estatístico Rbio. Os dados de crescimento foram submetidos à análise de regressão não-linear, utilizando o software SigmaPlot 12.0. Para as sementes esverdeadas, constata-se menor viabilidade e vigor devido a maior deterioração, proporcional a porcentagem de sementes com pigmentação verde nos cotilédones, de forma que a presença de clorofila reduz a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja.